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A pyrena (/paɪˈriːnə/) or pyrene, commonly called a pit or stone, is the fruitstone within a drupe or drupelet produced by the ossification of the endocarp or lining of the fruit.cite-ref-footnoteeckel2011-1-0[1] It consists of a hard endocarp tissue surrounding one or more seeds (also called the "kernel").cite-ref-footnotebeentjewilliamson2010-2-0[2]cite-ref-footnotehickeyking2001-3-0[3] The hardened endocarp which constitutes the pyrene provides a protective physical barrier around the seed, shielding it from pathogens and herbivory.cite-ref-footnotedardickcallahan2014-4-0[4]

While many drupes are monopyrenous, containing only one pyrene, pome-type fruit with a hard, stony (rather than leathery) endocarp are typically polypyrenous drupes, containing multiple pyrenes.cite-ref-footnotepottererikssonevansoh2007-5-0[5]

• Development

• Gallery

• See also

• References

• Bibliography

The hardening of the endocarp of a developing drupe occurs via secondary cell wall formation and lignification.cite-ref-footnotedardickcallahan2014-4-1[4] The biopolymer lignin, also found in wood, provides a structure within secondary cell walls which supports the polymerisation of cellulose and hemicellulose; together these polymers provide the endocarp with tensile strength and stiffness.cite-ref-footnotedardickcallahan2014-4-2[4] Further hardening occurs during the biomineralisation of the endocarp. The biomineralisation of pyrenes during the life of the plant can aid the preservation of fruit remains in archaeological findings.cite-ref-footnoteallu-c-ceresexp-sitocanals2015-6-0[6]cite-ref-footnotemessagerbadoufr-hlichdeniaux2010-7-0[7]

• Nut (fruit)

cite-note-footnoteeckel2011-11. ↑ Eckel (2011).

cite-note-footnotebeentjewilliamson2010-22. ↑ Beentje & Williamson (2010).

cite-note-footnotehickeyking2001-33. ↑ Hickey & King (2001).

cite-note-footnotedardickcallahan2014-44. ↑ Dardick & Callahan (2014).

cite-note-footnotepottererikssonevansoh2007-55. ↑ Potter et al. (2007).

cite-note-footnoteallu-c-ceresexp-sitocanals2015-66. ↑ Allué et al. (2015).

cite-note-footnotemessagerbadoufr-hlichdeniaux2010-77. ↑ Messager et al. (2010).

• citerefallu-c-ceresexp-sitocanals2015Allué, Ethel; Cáceres, Isabel; Expósito, Isabel; Canals, Antoni; Rodríguez, Anna; Rosell, Jordi; Bermúdez de Castro, José María; Carbonell, Eudald (2015). "Celtis remains from the Lower Pleistocene of Gran Dolina, Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain)". Journal of Archaeological Science. 53: 570–577. Bibcode:2015JArSc..53..570A. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2014.11.016.

• citerefbeentjewilliamson2010Beentje, H.; Williamson, J. (2010). The Kew Plant Glossary: an Illustrated Dictionary of Plant Terms. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Kew Publishing.

• citerefdardickcallahan2014Dardick, Chris; Callahan, Ann M. (2014). "Evolution of the fruit endocarp: molecular mechanisms underlying adaptations in seed protection and dispersal strategies". Frontiers in Plant Science. 5: 284. doi:10.3389/fpls.2014.00284. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 4070412. PMID 25009543.

• citerefeckel2011Eckel, P.M. (2011). "A Grammatical Dictionary of Botanical Latin". Missouri Botanical Garden.

• citerefhickeyking2001Hickey, M.; King, C. (2001). The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms. Cambridge University Press.

• citerefmessagerbadoufr-hlichdeniaux2010Messager, Erwan; Badou, Aïcha; Fröhlich, François; Deniaux, Brigitte; Lordkipanidze, David; Voinchet, Pierre (2010). "Fruit and seed biomineralization and its effect on preservation" (PDF). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 2 (1): 25–34. Bibcode:2010ArAnS...2...25M. doi:10.1007/s12520-010-0024-1. S2CID 128691588.

• citerefpottererikssonevansoh2007Potter, D.; Eriksson, T.; Evans, R.C.; Oh, S.; Smedmark, J.E.E.; Morgan, D.R.; Kerr, M.; Robertson, K.R.; Arsenault, M.; Dickinson, T.A.; Campbell, C.S. (2007). "Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 266 (1–2): 5–43. Bibcode:2007PSyEv.266....5P. doi:10.1007/s00606-007-0539-9. S2CID 16578516.